pfas-1.itrcweb.orgPFAS — Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

☰ PFAS HOME About ITRC Navigating This Website Fact Sheets 1 Introduction 2 Naming Conventions and Use 2 PFAS Chemistry and Naming Conventions, History and Use of PFAS, and Sources of PFAS Releases to the Environment overview 2.1 Environmental Significance 2.2 Chemistry, Terminology, and Acronyms 2.3 Emerging Health and Environmental Concerns 2.4 PFAS Reductions and Alternative PFAS Formulations 2.5 PFAS Uses and Products 2.6 PFAS Releases to the Environment 3 Firefighting Foams 3 Firefighting Foams Overview 3.1 Foam Formulations 3.2 AFFF Characteristics 3.3 Mechanisms for Release to the Environment 3.4 AFFF Fate and Transport 3.5 Forensic Analysis of AFFF 3.6 AFFF Procurement and Inventory 3.7 Foam Systems and Operations 3.8 Emergency Firefighting Operations 3.9 Immediate Investigative and Cleanup Actions 3.10 AFFF Disposal 3.11 Firefighting Foam System Replacement 3.12 Federal, State and International Regulations and Guidance 3.13 Foam Research and Development 4 Physical and Chemical Properties 4 Physical and Chemical Properties Overview 4.1 Challenges and Limitations Related to PFAS Physical and Chemical Properties 4.2 Physical Properties 4.3 Chemical Properties 5 Fate and Transport 5 Environmental Fate and Transport Processes Overview 5.1 Fate and Transport Introduction 5.2 Phase Partitioning 5.3 Media-Specific Migration Processes 5.4 Transformations 5.5 PFAS Uptake into Aquatic Organisms 5.6 PFAS Uptake into Plants 6 Occurrence 6 Media-Specific Occurrence Overview 6.1 Air 6.2 Soil, Sediment, and Biosolids 6.3 Groundwater 6.4 Surface Water 6.5 Biota 7 Health Effects 7 Human and Ecological Health Effects of select PFAS Overview 7.1 Human Health Effects 7.2 Ecological Toxicology 8 Basis of Regulations 8 Basis of Regulations Overview 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Regulatory Programs 8.3 Differences in the Available Regulations, Advisories, and Guidance Regulatory 9 Site Risk Assessment 9 Site Risk Assessment Overview 9.1 Human Health Risk Assessment 9.2 Ecological Risk Assessment 9.3 Uncertainty 10 Site Characterization 10 Site Characterization Overview 10.1 Site Characterization Issues Relevant to PFAS 10.2 Initial Steps 10.3 Site Investigation 10.4 Data Analysis and Interpretation 10.5 Forensics and Source Identification 11 Sampling and Analysis 11 Sampling and Analysis Overview 11.1 Sampling 11.2 Analytical Methods/Techniques 11.3 Data Evaluation 11.4 Source Identification 12 Treatment Technologies 12 Treatment Technologies Overview 12.1 Overview 12.2 Field-Implemented Liquids Treatment Technologies 12.3 Field-Implemented Solids Treatment Technologies 12.4 Incineration 12.5 Air Treatment Technologies 12.6 Limited Application and Developing Liquids Treatment Technologies 12.7 Limited Application and Developing Solids Treatment Technologies 12.8 Integrated Water Treatment Solutions 12.9 Sustainability of PFAS Treatment 12.10 Improving Evaluation of PFAS Treatment Technologies 13 Stakeholder Perspectives 13 Stakeholder Perspectives Overview 13.1 Stakeholder Concerns 13.2 Specific Tribal Stakeholder Concerns 13.3 Stakeholder Resources 14 Risk Communication 14 Risk Communication Overview 14.1 Role of Risk Perception: Public Stakeholders and Decision Makers 14.2 Risk Communication Challenges 14.3 Risk Communication Planning and Engagement Tools 15 Case Studies 15 Case Studies Overview 15.1 Site Characterization Case Studies 15.2 Treatment Case Studies 15.3 Risk Assessment Case Study 15.4 Risk Communication Case Studies 15.5 Surface Water Quality Case Studies 16 Surface Water Quality 16 Surface Water Quality 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Protection of Human Health 16.3 Protection of Biota 16.4 Sampling and Analysis 16.5 Surface Water Foam 16.6 Effluent Limits for PFAS 16.7 Surface Water/Groundwater Interaction 17 Additional Information 17 Additional Information Overview 17.1 Additional Information for Media-Specific Occurrence 17.2 Additional Information for Human Health Effects 17.3 Additional Information for Risk Assessment References Acronyms Glossary Acknowledgments Team Contacts Document Feedback ITRC & Environmental Justice/Diversity Equity & Inclusion HOME PFAS HOME This Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC) online document includes the resources that the ITRC PFAS Team has developed since it began work in 2017. PFAS Fact Sheets PFAS Technical and Regulatory Guidance Document External Data Tables Training Resources Quick Explainer Videos Longer PFAS Training Module Videos Archived Roundtable Sessions PFAS Training Page You can reach this PFAS Home page from any of the pages on this web site with the Home button at the top of screen. PFAS Technical and Regulatory Guidance Document The last full update of this document was September 2023. ⇐ ONLINE DOCUMENT : On this web page, use the Table of Contents shown in the left-hand navigation column to select a specific section of interest Full Guidance Document PDF Find the References , Glossary and Acronyms with these links or at the footer of the web External Data Tables In many of the sections of the PFAS Guidance Document the team has developed tables that provide additional data and information to support the topics in the sections. These tables are linked here, along with identity of the section with which the table is associated. Fact Sheets: PFAS Water and Soil Regulatory and Guidance Values Table Excel File Fact Sheets: PFAS Air Criteria Table Excel File Section 2: Figure 2-5 Expanded PFAS Family Tree PDF Section 2: USEPA Analytes List-PFAS Classifications PDF Section 3: AFFF Characteristics Excel File Section 3: AFFF Transition to F3 Case Studies Excel File Section 4: Physical and Chemical Properties Table 4-1 Excel File Section 5: Aquatic Organisms BCF-BAF Table 5-1 Excel file Section 5: Plants BCF-BAF Table 5-2 Excel File Section 8: PFAS Regulatory Programs Summary Excel File Section 11: Analytical Methods Excel File Section 11: PFAS Data Usability Table PDF Section 12: Table 12-1 Treatment Methods Table Excel File Section 12: Integrated Water Treatment Flow Chart PDF Section 14: Risk Communication Social Factors Vision Board PDF Section 15: Water Treatment Case Studies Excel File Section 17.1: Table 17-1 A-C for Air PDF Section 17.1: Table 17-2 A-C for Soil, Sediments, and Biosolids PDF Section 17.2: Table 17-8 Toxicological Effects Excel File Archived External Tables and Sections These resources are no longer being updated. Fact Sheets: Basis for PFOA and PFOS Regulatory Values in Drinking Water Table Excel File Section 6: Media-Specific Occurrence PDF Section 7.2: Ecotoxicology Data Summary Excel File Section 12: Table 12-1 Liquids Treatment Methods Table PDF Section 12: Table 12-2 Solids Treatment Methods Table PDF Section 17-1: Additional Information for Media-Specific Occurrence PDF Training Resources Quick Explainer Videos The PFAS Team developed brief explainer videos to accompany the fact sheets. The following links will redirect you to ITRC’s PFAS Explainer Videos on YouTube: ITRC PFAS Team Introduction PFAS Naming Conventions PFAS History and Use PFAS Fate and Transport PFAS Remediation PFAS Lab Analytical Methods Aqueous Film Forming Foam Longer PFAS Training Module Videos The PFAS Team developed training module videos to accompany this Technical and Regulatory Document. The following links will redirect you to ITRC’s PFAS Training Module Videos on Youtube: PFAS introduction Naming Conventions and Physical and Chemical Properties Production, Uses, Sources and Site Characterization Sampling and Analysis Fate and Transport Human and Ecological Effects Risk Assessment and Regulations Treatment Technologies Aqueous Film-Forming Foam Risk Communication PFAS Training on Clu-In PFAS Introductory Training Archived Round Table Sessions The PFAS Roundtable Sessions offered a unique opportunity to interact directly with PFAS experts from around the country on a different group of topics for each session. Each Roundtable is archived for On Demand listening and includes a Q&A Digest of all...